Fauske&Associates,LLC首席技术官Ken Kurko
Ken Kurko |
At Fauske & Associates, LLC (FAI), we are commonly asked about the burst pressures of the Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC) test cells that we offer. The ARC is a high用于获得失控的化学反应数据和热稳定性特性。由于在该设备中发生失控的反应,因此测试电池内的压力自然会升高,无论是由于蒸气压力效应,不可凝聚的气体的产生还是两者兼而有之。失控反应产生的压力必须由测试单元包含。由于这一要求,与所使用的测试样品质量相比,测试单元的质量相对较大。这意味着,随着失控的反应的发展,反应的热量被测试单元吸收,并且数据不直接适用于过程量表。
标准弧测试电池的体积约为10 mL,通常由不锈钢,Hastelloy C,钛或Tantalum构建。这种大小的测试单元的内径为1.0英寸。测试单元的壁厚可以为0.020、0.025或0.035英寸。图1中提供了测试单元的图。
Figure 1 Standard 10 ml ARC Test Cell |
知道爆发压力的愿望背后的推理是,可以在测试过程中尽可能地将样品材料添加到测试单元中,而在测试过程中会破裂。这样可以减少热惯性(或者实际上是测试单元吸收的热量),并确保不会掩盖较低的能量放热活性。但是,无论将多少样品加载到测试单元中,所得的热惯性将永远不会代表过程量表(1.05-1.10)。
弧线不是,也不是旨在是低热惯性量热量。该设备的数据将需要对热惯性进行校正。如果需要低热惯性数据,则量量表量低,以便在低热惯性通风口尺寸套件下进行操作(VSP2TM值)或高级反应性系统筛选工具(ARSSTTM值)应使用。
Furthermore, this issue isn’t as simple as telling an ARC user the burst pressure of a particular test cell. When designing a test, one must balance a number of variables to ensure optimal results: the sample mass, the maximum temperature that could be achieved during the test, the maximum pressure that could be achieved during the test, the maximum self-heat rate under which adiabatic conditions are maintained, and material compatibility between the test cell and sample.
为了解决有关测试细胞爆发压力的原始问题,我们将重点介绍给定测试材料的最终拉伸强度和壁厚与测试过程中产生的峰值温度和峰值压力有关。最终的拉伸强度随温度升高而降低。图2说明了温度对普通测试细胞材料的最终拉伸强度的影响。基于这些拉伸强度,可以使用下面的公式1在表1中提供的指定尺寸计算理论爆发压力。
σt=
在哪里
σt=ultimate tensile strength (Pa)
tw=wall thickness of spherical portion of test cell (m)
R =测试单元的内半径(M)
P = internal gauge pressure (Pa)
图2终极拉伸强度随弧测试细胞材料的温度函数 |
当然,这些都是“理想”的计算phere that don’t account for the actual geometry of the test cell, nor imperfections that invariably occur during the manufacturing process. For example, the presence of a weld seam and the inhomogeneous microstructures within the welded metal leads to higher corrosion rates when compared to wrought products. Types of factors such as this need to be taken into account. For this reason, the theoretical burst pressures should not be used for test design - a safety factor of 2 to 3 should be used. Table 1 summarizes the theoretical burst pressures and our recommended maximum operating pressures for the various ARC test cells we offer.
表1理论爆发压力和建议的最大工作压力,作为标准电弧测试单元的最高测试温度的函数 |
参考
海恩斯国际(Haynes International),“ Hastelloy C-276合金拉伸力和伸长率”。检索2018年9月5日
来自http://haynesintl.com/alloys/alloy-portfolio_/corrosion-resistant-alloys/hastelloy-c-276-alloy/tensile/tensile and-strength
北美不锈钢,“扁平产品不锈钢级床单316-316L。”检索2018年9月5日
来自https://www.northameric anstainless.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/grade-316-316l.pdf
科贝尔科(Kobelco),科比钢铁(Kobe Steel Group),“现有金属材料的最高特异性 - 特征s”。检索2018年9月5日
from http://www.kobelco.co.jp/english/titan/files/details.pdf
Pick PM , Metal Powder Industries Federation, “What Are Refractory Metals?” Retrieved September 24, 2018
from https://www.pick pm.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/What-Are-Refractory-Metals.pdf
Davis, J.R., ASM Specialty Handbook - Heat-Resistant Materials - Part I. Introduction. ASM International.(1997). Retrieved September 5, 2018
from https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/pdf/id:kt00URR 0YB /asm-speci alty-handbook/part-i-introduction